Ko te Hemoglobin (Hb) he metalloprotein kei roto te rino e kitea nuitia ana i roto i ngā toto whero o te nuinga o ngā kararehe tuawhenua. E kiia ana ko ia te "ngota ora" mō tōna tūranga nui i roto i te manawa. Ko tēnei pūmua uaua te kawenga mō te mahi nui o te kawe i te hāora mai i ngā pukahukahu ki ngā kiko katoa o te tinana, me te whakahaere i te hokinga mai o te hauhā waro hei whakaputanga. Mā te mārama ki tana mahi, ki ngā tikanga huatau e whakahaere ana i tana whanonga, me te hiranga o tana ine haumanu ka whakaratohia he matapihi ki te hauora me te mate o te tangata.

Te Mahi me te Tikanga: He Mahi Tohunga o te Hangarau Ngota

Ko te mahi matua a te hemoglobin ko te kawe hau. Heoi, kāore e rite tana mahi ki tētahi hautai ngāwari, kore mahi. Ko tōna whai huatanga i ahu mai i tētahi hoahoa hanganga matatau me ngā tikanga whakahaere hihiri.

Hanganga Ngota: He tetramer te Hemoglobin, he mea tito mai i ngā mekameka pūmua globin e whā (e rua ngā alpha me e rua ngā beta i roto i ngā pakeke). E hono ana ia mekameka ki tētahi rōpū heme, he hanganga mowhiti matatini me tētahi ngota rino o waenganui (Fe²⁺). Ko tēnei ngota rino te pae here mō tētahi ngota hāora (O₂). Nō reira, ka taea e tētahi ngota hemoglobin kotahi te kawe i te mōrahi o ngā ngota hāora e whā.

Te Herenga Mahi Tahi me te Āwhiowhio Sigmoidal: Koinei te tūāpapa o te whai huatanga o te hemoglobin. Ina herea te ngota hāora tuatahi ki tētahi rōpū heme i roto i ngā pukahukahu (kei hea te nui o te kukū hāora), ka puta he huringa āhua i roto i te hanganga hemoglobin katoa. Mā tēnei huringa ka māmā ake te herea o ngā ngota hāora e rua e whai ake nei. Ka tino ngāwari te herea o te ngota hāora tuawhā whakamutunga. Nā tēnei taunekeneke "mahi tahi" ka hua ake te āwhiowhio wehewehe hāora sigmoidal (āhua-S). He mea nui tēnei āhua-S—ko te tikanga i roto i te taiao whai hāora o ngā pukahukahu, ka tere te mākū o te hemoglobin, engari i roto i ngā kiko rawakore-hāora, ka taea e ia te tuku i te nui o te hāora me te hekenga iti noa iho o te pēhanga.

Te Whakahaere Ārotiro: Kāore te kaha o te Hemoglobin ki te hāora i te pumau; ka whakatikatikahia pai e ngā hiahia pākia o ngā kiko. Ka tutuki tēnei mā roto i ngā pānga ārotiro:

Te Pānga Bohr: I roto i ngā kiko hohe, ka puta he hauhā waro (CO₂) me te waikawa (ngā iona H⁺) i roto i te mahi nui o te pākia. Ka rongo te hemoglobin i tēnei taiao matū, ā, ka urupare mā te whakaiti i tōna kaha ki te hāora, ka nui ake te tukunga o te O₂ ki te wāhi e tino hiahiatia ana.

2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG): Ka herea tēnei matū, e hangaia ana i roto i ngā toto whero, ki te hemoglobin, ā, ka whakau i tōna āhua kore-hāora, ka whakatairanga ake i te tukunga hāora. Ka piki ake ngā taumata o te 2,3-BPG i roto i ngā āhuatanga hypoxic mau tonu, pērā i te teitei, hei whakarei ake i te tukunga hāora.

Te Kawe Waro Hauhā: He mahi nui anō tā te Hemoglobin i roto i te kawe CO₂. He wāhanga iti engari he nui o te CO₂ ka herea tika ki ngā mekameka poropini, ka hanga he carbaminohemoglobin. Hei tāpiri, mā te ārai i ngā iona H⁺, ka āwhina te hemoglobin i te kawe i te nuinga o te CO₂ hei paikāponate (HCO₃⁻) i roto i te toto.

Te Hiranga Nui o te Whakamātautau Hemoglobin

I runga i te mahi matua a te hemoglobin, ko te ine i tōna kukū me te aromatawai i tōna kounga he pou matua o te rongoā hou. Ko te whakamātautau hemoglobin, he wāhanga o te Tatau Toto Katoa (CBC), tētahi o ngā rangahau haumanu e tino whakahauhia ana. Kāore e taea te whakanui i tōna hiranga mō ēnei take e whai ake nei:

Te Aroturuki i te Haerenga o te Mate me te Maimoatanga:

Mō ngā tūroro kua tāpaetia he mate toto iti (anemia), he mea nui ngā inenga hemoglobin raupapa hei aroturuki i te whai huatanga o te maimoatanga, pērā i te tāpiringa rino, me te whai i te haere whakamua o ngā mate mau tonu pērā i te ngoikore o te whatukuhu, te mate pukupuku rānei.

Te Kimi i ngā Hemoglobinopathies:

Ko ngā whakamātautau hemoglobin motuhake, pērā i te electrophoresis hemoglobin, e whakamahia ana hei tātaritanga i ngā mate ira tuku iho e pā ana ki te hanganga me te whakaputanga o te hemoglobin. Ko ngā tauira tino noa ko te Mate Pūtau Hāri (nā te momo HbS hē i puta mai) me te Thalassemia. He mea nui te kitenga wawe mō te whakahaere me te tohutohu ira.

Aromatawai o te Polycythemia:

Ko te taumata hemoglobin tino teitei rawa pea he tohu mō te polycythemia, he āhuatanga e nui rawa ai ngā toto whero e whakaputaina ana e te tinana. He mate wheua tuatahi tēnei, he urupare tuarua rānei ki te hypoxia mau tonu (hei tauira, i roto i te mate pūkahukahu, i ngā teitei rānei), ā, he mōrearea anō hoki mō te thrombosis.

Te Tirotiro me te Aromatawai Hauora Whānui: Ko te whakamātautau hemoglobin he wāhanga noa o te tiaki i mua i te hapūtanga, ngā tirotiro i mua i te pokanga, me ngā whakamātautau oranga whānui. He tohu whānui tēnei mō te hauora whānui me te āhua kai.

Te Whakahaere Mate Huka: Ahakoa ehara i te hemoglobin paerewa, ka ine te whakamātautau Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) i te nui o te huka kua piri ki te hemoglobin. E whakaata ana i ngā taumata huka toto toharite mō ngā marama 2-3 kua hipa, ā, koinei te paerewa koura mō te whakahaere glycemic mō te wā roa i roto i ngā tūroro mate huka.

Whakamutunga

Ehara te toto toto i te mea he kaikawe hāora noa iho. He mīhini ngota ngota he hoahoa tino ataahua, e whakamahi ana i te herenga mahi tahi me te whakahaere allosteric hei whakapai ake i te tuku hāora hei whakautu i ngā hiahia hihiri o te tinana. Nō reira, ehara te ine haumanu o te toto toto i te tau noa i runga i te pūrongo taiwhanga; he taputapu tātaritanga me te aroturuki kaha, kāore e pokanoa. Ka whakaratohia he tirohanga tino nui o te hauora toto me te hauora whānui o te tangata, ka taea te tātaritanga o ngā āhuatanga e whakarerekē ana i te ora, te aroturuki i ngā mate mau tonu, me te tiaki i te hauora tūmatanui. Mā te mārama ki tōna pūkenga koiora me tōna hiranga haumanu ka whakanuia te take e noho tonu ai tēnei pūmua iti hei poutokomanawa o te pūtaiao tinana me te hauora.